Q5. Why are products that involve himsa or cruelty of movable beings (Tras Jiva) used in various Jain Rituals? Products like milk, wool, silk, peacock feathers, saffron, varakh etc. Should we continue to use them?
Rituals play an important part in our religion to build culture around the community, to inspire one another, strengthen religious values, build up interest in religion and for survival of any religion. However, rituals must be performed with the right understanding and interpretation, such that it provides an inspiring and uplifting experience. Rituals should enable our spiritual growth and serve as a reminder to reflect upon the Jain philosophies, values and proper conduct.
There are many rituals in place today that are rooted from generations of history and they are performed with the mindset that “this is how it’s always been done”. In some cases, these rituals are done in Mithyatva (ignorance), not knowing that some of these materials used in rituals do indeed come from violence. This Mithyatva can be seeded from lack of knowledge, lack of desire to gain information, blindly following rituals, believing in the wrong beliefs, lack of alignment with Jain values/principles, or fear of challenging that status quo.
Our intent in addressing this question is to create awareness, create a positive and enriching experience about the religion and answer questions for curious minds who want to understand rather than follow blindly. It will cause a little discomfort as we are stepping out of our comfort zone.
Now, let's understand the use of certain products in Jain rituals, spiritual intent behind the rituals, cruelty associated with these products in current times and potential alternatives.
Use of Milk in Abhishek and other rituals
What can we do now?
We can also find alternative ways to complete the rituals, for example use only pure water or add small amount of non-dairy milk like almond milk instead of cow’s milk, use vegetable oil instead of ghee in any ritual. In the past about 100 years ago, Castor oil was used in the temple Arti and Mangal divo and other rituals.
Use of Woolen Katashanu and Charavalo during Samayik and Pratikraman Rituals
Spiritual Significance:
Samayik and Pratikraman are the most important rituals for our spiritual growth. The purpose of Samayik is to meditate, reflect and strengthen our soul on a daily basis. During Pratikraman ritual, we repent for our mistakes and wrongdoings. Hence the aims of both rituals are to prepare us in attaining divinity through perfection in conduct and Meditation.
Background:
Katashanu is used to sit on and Charavalo is used for any movement during the Samayik and Pratikraman rituals. In older days, during cold weather the woolen Katashanu and Charavalo provided health protection to insects and us.
Compassion / Non-violence Point of View:
Sheep which thrive in nature without human intervention, will grow just enough wool to protect themselves from the cold in the winter and to keep them cool in the summer. When it is time, they will shed their winter coat all by themselves.
Sheep used for wool production are bred to have way more wool than they would have produced naturally. Plus, when they have their wool shaved off (a process called shearing), the people are paid by how much wool they can get, and a lot of sheep get hurt and some even have parts of their ears or skin cut off. The wool industry does not only exploit sheep, but it is also very cruel to them.
Other kinds of natural wool also known as, mohair, pashmina, shahtoosh, cashmere etc. have the same suffering and exploitation of animals.
Other kinds of natural wool also known as, mohair, pashmina, shahtoosh, cashmere etc. have the same suffering and exploitation of animals.
What can we do now?
Use alternatives to wool, including cotton, cotton flannel, polyester fleece or other cruelty-free fiber for Katashanu and Charavalo.
References:
Use of Silk in Places of Worship
Spiritual Significance:
The tradition says that silk is purest and cleanest material and it should be worn during Puja in temple rituals.
Background:
It all started around 1133 AD at the time of King Kumarpal, the King of Gujarat, a state in Western India. During his rule he was greatly influenced by a great Jain teacher Acharya Hemchandra. The King was so inspired by his teachings of Ahmisa (non-violence) and Compassion that he declared in his entire state to stop killing of animals for food, sport or fun.
It is said that he was further inspired by the saint to lead a religious life and perform puja (a symbolic worship to a Tirthankar Murti (idol) in the temple) to show his devotion to Lord Mahavir. The King decided to wear the best and most expensive new clothes to perform the puja and so he ordered the best of the material to be obtained. His men went and purchased the costliest, finest and softest material from China, called silk, for their King.
At that time, no one knew that the imported material was made by killing silkworms, which involved sheer violence. But since then the tradition continues. Unfortunately, even today some people wear silk clothes in religious rituals justifying that King Kumarpal used it.
Compassion / Non-violence Point of View:
How many people know that the silk, one wears or uses involves 100% violence to silkworm, but one wears it with great pride in the places of worship? It is sad that one follows tradition blindly without questioning the origination or it’s making process. 15 silkworms are killed to get 1 gram of silk. Silkworms are usually boiled alive and female moths are slit open to check for diseases after they lay eggs.
What can we do now?
There are many other materials that look somewhat like silk are from man-made fibers known as artificial silk (art silk). Of these, rayon (viscose) is of vegetable origin; whereas nylon and polyester (terrene) are petroleum products. Although man-made fibers do not have direct himsa but they do have environmental impact that leads to indirect himsa. So, it is best to use material like cotton instead of any materials that involves himsa/violence.
References:
The Book of Compassion pages 51-54.
Use of Peacock Feather
Spiritual Significance:
Peacock feather is used for a broom/picchi to clean Murti in the temple by one sect and the floor by another sect. The spiritual intent behind this usage is to practice Ahimsa and save insects and minutest micro-organism.
Background:
A Jain sadhu practices 5 mahavrats: Ahimsa mahavrat, Satya mahavrat, Asteya mahavrat, Brahmacharya mahavrat and Aparigraha mahavrat.
Digambar sadhu uses Picchi or Picchika to clean the floor as one of the aspects for practicing Ahimsa duirng moving from one place to another. The Picchis are made of peocock feathers (Swetambar sadhu use woolen Charavalo which has similar concerns from a compassion point of view).
Traditionally, the feathers are collected in the rainy season when a peacock shed them naturally one at a time. A digambar sadhu never walks without his picchika. Swetambars use picchi to clean Aangi (Puja) material from Murti every morning in the temple.
Peacock naturally discards one feather at a time and a new feather comes in. According to the tradition, in the past, the picchis were made from only using the naturally discarded feathers and they were replaced only when the Picchis were not usable.
Compassion / Non-violence Point of View:
Nowadays to collect peacock feathers manually from the forest takes a lot of labor which is very expensive. Hence now peacocks are raised just for feathers. They manually pluck all the feathers from live peacock and then kill the peacock. China is one of the biggest suppliers for peacock feathers. Also, nowadays picchis are replaced every year regardless of their usability. It is an annual ritual in certain tradition.
What can we do now?
Be aware and mindful of the spiritual intent behind picchi ritual. Ensure that the material used for such a compassionate purpose of saving minutest bugs does not involve so much violence towards peacock. Going forward, it is best to use other sweeping materials that does not involve violence towards any movable living beings.
Use of Saffron in Puja
Spiritual Significance:
In the ancient Jain literature, there is no mention of using saffron for murti puja. Rather, only chandan (sandalwood) is used. The spiritual intent behind using chandan in puja is to remind us that by applying chandan to Bhagwan murti we wish to make ourselves peaceful, quiet and calm (samata).
Background:
Somewhere along history, someone mixed saffron with chandan, probably because of smell / color or because it is a very rich product and Jains traditionally like to use the best. It got introduced only a couple of hundred years ago and after one generation, these kinds of things become traditions.
Compassion / Non-violence Point of View:
About 50,000 - 75,000 saffron flowers are plucked / destroyed to create 1 lb of saffron. Each flower only has one thread of saffron and using the saffron thread destroys the flower. There is a youtube video on saffron production.
Even though Saffron is a flower and not a movable living being, from compassion point of view, it is the sheer number of flowers that are destroyed for saffron production. And the use of saffron is not even indicated in our literature. Jain principle indicates that dravya puja should be done with minimum violence.
In addition, saffron is significant acidic and the acid in saffron harms the marble murtis. Hence to protect the murtis, Acharyas at that time decided to put placeholders "tikkas" for where the saffron can be used during puja. We will never see "tikkas" on the old murtis. Tikkas on murtis gives out the perception that the murti is for puja only. The old murtis without tikkas, ornaments or other decorative material serves as a more conducive symbol for meditation and internalization of the Jain values and principles.
What can we do now?
Be aware and mindful of the spiritual intent behind the puja ritual. Ensure that the material used for such a pious purpose does not involve the significant large quantity of flowers and we achieve the intended spiritual benefit. Going forward, it is best to use only chandan rather than saffron mixed with chandan for puja. Also, if we were to use pure chandan instead of kesar then there is no damage to the murti either and there will be no need for "Tikas". And the murti will also serve the purpose of meditation object for the beginners.
References:
Use of Varakh in rituals at Temple
Spiritual Significance:
The belief is that more people would visit temple because of decoration of the Murti. This will help to spread Jain religion.
Background:
Varakh or silver / gold foil is used in many Jain temples on idols and in some religious ceremonies. Typically, we are unaware of the process used for manufacturing it. Mostly it is used to beautify the appearance of the murti and other sweet products used in Naivedya Puja.
Compassion / Non-violence Point of View:
Varakh is made by placing the pure metal (silver or gold) between parchment sheets or by manually pounding between the layers of ox gut. Varakh itself is not derived from an animal source. However, in manual method a crucial material of animal origin, ox-gut / animal intestine, is used in its manufacture. This ox-gut is obtained from the slaughterhouse.
Even though varakh can be made using machines, the costs with using machines is significantly higher. So, we can't really be sure what is source of the varakh production.
What can we do now?
Rather than using varakh, many temples today use metal moldings that are custom made to fit the murti. These moldings replicate the gold/silver look and are not made with cow's intestines so that violence is eliminated. In reality, we do not need to use Varakh in any ritual or on food items at all.
References:
The Book of Compassion pages 44-47
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) bans silver leaf (Varakh) of animal origin in food items:
Bottom Line:
It is up to each one of us to ensure that our rituals/products are in-sync with our Jain values and principles. We don’t know who, why or when certain materials were introduced or changed in our rituals. But going forward, each of us as individuals can make a conscious choice, using our own knowledge, research and wisdom, of what we want to use.
There are many aspects that plays in a role when it comes to such changes, but it is up to each one of us, to not do things out of ignorance, fear, force, greed, guilt or reward.
Without knowledge and awareness, we are either in false belief, blindly following someone else or unknowingly promoting the industries that involve cruelty towards animals and such actions result in karma bondage and limits spiritual growth.
Therefore, when it comes religious rituals, products used for rituals or any such things, we need to do the due diligence of gaining as much information as we can. Plus, nowadays given technology/internet, we can do the required research very efficiently to ensure that we have the knowledge and awareness.
Thank you for sharing. Your post provides a very good perspective and approach on some of the things I have been thinking about.
ReplyDeleteAwakening article for those who tries to find logic behind rituals.
ReplyDeleteWow who ever has written this article should be highly appreciated, I wish I had exposure to such views when I was growing up. I will try and get my younger cousins to read this. Keep up the good work. Chirag Mehta, Mumbai, India, I am a BE Civil and MBA, working in Analytics domain.
ReplyDeleteThank you for sharing such a well written article. I am a strong believer of these but didn't have words to explain it to others or even justify myself. I'll now be able to substantiate myself. Thanks once again.
ReplyDeleteExcellent Article!
ReplyDeleteWe perform Rituals etc. to gain the significant positive energy and the hence natural material proven to be providing positive energy are used.
ReplyDeleteAlternate option to Silk can be Pure Cotton
I recommend: Please do not use Rayon, Nylon, polyester etc. artificial stuff as they do not provide the positive energy and at times they do give negative energy. Ex. Petroleum products have most
Use of Milk and other milk products in Abhishek rituals
Jainism defines the way Milk and Milk products should be gained. Milk taken from the Mother should only be left out milk post Calf had enough.
Today in Bharat, we still see similar ways by which Pure Milk and Milk Products are prepared.
What is required in today’s world, is to generate pure Milk and Milk products in Jainism way rather than getting Diverted and heading towards Wrong Systems which may not provide the require outcomes of Rituals.
Use of Woolen Katashanu and Charavalo during Samayik and Pratikraman Rituals
In Winter to protect Goats / Sheep from Cold, nature grows Wool on their body (like We have Hairs), later on in Summer this Wool either falls on ground or they are removed by Human to protect Goats and Sheep’s from Heat. While removing the Wool manually utmost care should be taken ensuring no Cruelty on any one.
Such, Wool should be promoted and used.
Use of Peacock Feather
Peacock Feathers do have many significant’s.
Peacock Feathers should be strictly collected from the Ground when Peacocks gives-up naturally. There should not be any Cruelty involved.
Further, as per Jainism we should be using all the available resources to its best utility value with utmost care.
Sheep are wild animals and are found in regions with specific climatic conditions. In order to get silk shed by the animal naturally one would have to those areas in the wild/jungle. How sustainable is such a practice? Now one can argue why go to the wild in cold climates to find sheep, you could go to a city where they herd sheep. But why do people herd sheep? For only one reason - meat and wool production. In this day and age there is no practical approach to find naturally shed wool by animals.
DeleteThanks. Agree that reforms required with passage of time.
ReplyDeleteVery good logical & scientific explanation. This will help people to realize the bigger Himsa they are causing in the name of that religion, whose fundamental core principle is Ahimsa.
ReplyDeleteThought provoking questions have been raised and we have to decide our actions based on core principles of Jainism, namely Ahimsa.
ReplyDeleteAlong the way many rituals have happened that do not align with our values. We tend to follow these blindly.
Start evaluating and make choices that are humane and less harmful as possible.
Greatly appreciate your work in putting out such thought provoking articles for better understanding so that awareness is created to live a Jain way of life.
The answers provided here are absolutely incorrect and comes from someone who has not studied Jain scriptures in depth. Needless to say the concept of ahimsa of Jainism is not understood. Can anyone provide scriptural references to the above lane logic given?
ReplyDeleteI know it is a sensitive matter and it is very hard to believe it but I would say that there is alot of cruelty going on. Only thing I can say is do research and keep a open minded and I will hope you find answer you are looking for.jai jinendra
DeleteI know it is a sensitive matter and it is very hard to believe it but I would say that there is alot of cruelty going on. Only thing I can say is do research and keep a open minded and I will hope you find answer you are looking for.jai jinendra
DeleteIt would be better if you first provdep your concept of ahimsa, preferably with scriptural reference. The authors have provided a fairly thorough piece, while your comment is more accusative and lacking depth, unless you choose to elaborate.
DeleteThank you again for giving indept knowledge regarding things which I never thought might happen. now the things or so common in case of cruelty and it is it is convienent so it very much necessary for us to know the origin and rectify our error. As always thank you for sharing such topics. Jai Jinendra
ReplyDeleteWonderful explanation. Thanks for sharing. Although I'm not from Jain background but I have began to follow all these methods as not causing harm to anyone or anything directly or indirectly through thought speech and action is our inherent nature ๐
ReplyDeleteThanks for highlights such topics which are always ignored to discuss.
ReplyDeleteI have same concern for flowers also.
Pl give some thought for it also.
In whatever part of the universe, pure water H2O will be clear and colourless, not white/off white.
ReplyDeletein whatever part of universe swan is always white, right? have you looked at water from glaciers?
DeleteGlaciers are ice - solid water. Liquid water is always clear and colourless. Ritual is done with liquid water. Have you seen anyone do ritual with ice?
DeleteExcellent article, so much thought put into it and now much to think about!
ReplyDeleteDeceiving any living being for obtaining matter or material for manufacturing any product for fulfillment of one's greed involves violence at the level of feelings.Such emotional violence along with physical violence should be avoided for manufacturing products to be used during one's worship.
ReplyDeleteExcellent comprehensive and thorough article. Thank you for this contribution !
ReplyDeleteQuite informative with research results. I think in India, this education is badly needed among Jains, particularly Swetambers. But it is unfortunate that majority of Maharajsahebs are not involved in educating this basics. This may be circulated to various whatsapp groups for information of jains in India. sir, if you can create PDF file and send to me in my whatsapp +919428510095, I will circulate this among hundreds of jains in India. Now is the correct time to circulate so that it can be debated and also Paryushana Parva is fast approaching.
ReplyDeletethanking once again
Sir,
ReplyDeletePl discuss flower also.
Now its use increase day by day
Ease some thought,
flowers, particularly roses, plus lightning in the Mahapuja or Puja at night (zagara), waste of water etc
ReplyDeletethere is a particular method which is prescribed for the use of flowers. But now a days nobody follows it, we do not know who plucks flowers , ladies, gents, they are so tightly stored, cleanliness(e.g. phool bazar at the end of sardar bridge, ahmedabad), malies(including ladies) selling flowers, they are being sold keeping them on the floor/road etc., Jiv hinsa
ReplyDeleteJai Jinendra !
ReplyDeleteI commend you on broaching such a sensitive subject.
I personally would recommend that puja clothes should not be of silk .
( It is said that it takes 3 to 4000 cocoons ( hibernating caterpillars) to make a single saree . One caterpillar is too much . This throws Ahinsa out of the window .)
Mogra , Jasmine and Champa flowers fall off naturally ( unless they are plucked ) . Roses and Lotus are literally plucked , ripped out - most shamefully .
Deep rutted mind set may find things not easily accepted in India , but the educated and open minded Jain Community of North America can see and understand the logic and implement it in their daily lives.
Respectfully
เค เคเคฐ เคชूเคฐे เคैเคจ เคงเคฐ्เคฎ เคो เคเค เคนी เคตाเค्เคฏ เคฎें เคธเคฎเคเคจा เคนो เคเคตं เคเคธเคा เคชाเคฒเคจ เคเคฐเคจा เคนो, เคคो เคตเคน เคฌเคนुเคค เคนी เคธเคฐเคฒ เคนै = เคीเคฏो เคเคฐ เคीเคจे เคฆो!
ReplyDeleteเคธृเคท्เคि เฅช เคीเคों เคธे เคฌเคจी เคนैं - เคชเคฆाเคฐ्เคฅ, เคตเคจเคธ्เคชเคคि, เคीเคต เคเคฐ เคฎเคจुเคท्เคฏ। เคैเคจ เคฆเคฐ्เคถเคจ เคธเคญी เคคเคค्เคตों เคฎें เคीเคต เคฆेเคเคคा เคนै, เคฎाเคจเคคा เคนै; เคเคฐ เคเคธा เคนी เคนै।
เคชเคนเคฒे เคคीเคจ เคคเคค्เคต, เคช्เคฐเคृเคคि เคा เคธंเคคुเคฒเคจ เคฌเคจाเคคे เคนुเค, เค เคชเคจी เค เคชเคจी เคญुเคฎिเคा เคจिเคญाเคคे เคฐเคนเคคे เคนै। เคीเคตเคจ เคीเคคे เคนुเค, เคคीเคจों เคคเคค्เคตों เคฎें เคธे เคिเคธी เคธे เคญी เคोเค เคเคฒเคคी เคจเคนीं เคนोเคคी।
เค เคฌ เคชเคฆाเคฐ्เคฅ เคธे เคตिเค्เคธिเคค เคตเคจเคธ्เคชเคคि เคนै, เคตเคจเคธ्เคชเคคि เคธे เคीเคต เคเคฐ เคीเคต เคธे เคฎเคจुเคท्เคฏ। เค เคฐ्เคฅाเคค เคฎเคจुเคท्เคฏ เคธเคฌ เคธे เค्เคฏाเคฆा เคตिเค्เคธिเคค เคนै। เคชเคฐंเคคु, เคीเคตเคจ เคฎें เคธเคฌเคธे เค्เคฏाเคฆा เคเคฒเคคिเคฏां เคนเคฎ เคนी เคเคฐเคคे เคนै; เคिเคธเคे เคाเคฐเคฃ เคช्เคฐเคृเคคि เคा เคธंเคคुเคฒเคจ เคฌเคนुเคค เคฌเคกी เคฎाเคค्เคฐा เคฎें เคฌिเคเคก เคเคฏा เคนै! เคชเคฐिเคธ्เคฅिเคคि เคฌเคนुเคค เคนी เคญเคฏाเคจเค เคนो เคเคฏी เคนै।
เคคो เคीเคฏो เคเคฐ เคीเคจे เคฆो เคा เคธाเคฐ = เคฎोเค्เคท เคो เคฒเค्เคท्เคฏ เคฐเคเคคे เคนुเค, เคฎเคจुเคท्เคฏ เคो เคช्เคฐเคृเคคि เคी เคोเค เคญी เคीเค เคो เคฌिเคจा เคจुเค्เคธाเคจ เคिเคฏे เคฏा, เคเคฎ เคธे เคเคฎ เคเคฐ เคธเคฎเคเคฆाเคฐी เคชूเคฐ्เคตเค เคธเคฆुเคช्เคฏोเค เคเคฐเคคे เคนुเค เคนी เค เคชเคจे เคीเคตเคจ เคो เคเคฒाเคจा เคाเคนिเคฏे। เคो เคญी เคฐीเคคि เคฐिเคตाเค, เคเคฐ्เคฎ เคांเคก, เคตเคैเคฐเคน เคนै, เคเคจเคฎें เคซเคธเคจे เคी เคเคฐुเคฐเคค เคนी เคจเคนीं เคนै! “เคीเคฏो เคเคฐ เคीเคจे เคฆो!” เคฌเคธ เคเคคเคจा เคนी เคाเคซी เคนै।
เค เคเคฐ เคเคฐ्เคฎ เคธเคค्เคคा เคी เคฆृเคท्เคि เคธे เคญी เคฆेเคा เคाเคฏे, เคคो เคนเคฎ เคो เคญी เคญोเคเคคे เคนै, เคเคธเคा เคเคฃ เคนเคฎाเคฐे เคเคชเคฐ เคเคขเคคा เคाเคคा เคนै, เคिเคธे เคนเคฎ เคเคฐ्เคฎ เคเคนเคคे เคนै। เคจ เคाเคจे เคिเคคเคจे เคเคจ्เคฎों เคธे เคนเคฎเคจे เคญोเคเคคे เคนुเค เคเคธे เคเคฐ्เคฎों เคे เคชเคนाเคกों เคा เคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃ เคเคฐ เคฒिเคฏा เคนै। เคเคฐ เคนเคฎ เค เคฎाเคจเคตिเคฏ เคเคเคฐเคฃ เคเคฐเคคे เคนुเค เคเคฐ्เคฎों เคे เคเค्เคฐ เคฎें เคซเคธเคคे เคนी เคा เคฐเคนे เคนै!
เคเคธเคฒिเคฏे เคนเคฎें เคเคธ เคฎाเคจเคต เค เคตเคคाเคฐ เคा เคो เค เคจเคฎोเคฒ เค เคตเคธเคฐ เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เคนुเค เคนै, เคเคธเคा เคฒाเคญ เคฒेเคคे เคนुเค, เคธเคฆ्เคเคคि เคो เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เคนोเคจा เคนै। เคเคธเคा เค เคฐ्เคฅ เคฏे เคนी เคนोเคคा เคนै เคि, เคเคฐ्เคฎ เคे เคนिเคธाเคฌ เคो เคเคाเคคे เคนुเค เคนเคฎें เคाเคृเคคि เคชूเคฐ्เคตเค “เคीเคฏो เคเคฐ เคीเคจे เคฆो” เคธुเคค्เคฐ เคा เคชाเคฒเคจ เคเคฐเคจा เคนै।
เค เคเคฐ เคนเคฎเคจे เคฏे เคธเคฎเค เคฒिเคฏा เคคो เคช्เคฐเคृเคคि เคो เค เคชเคจे เคเคชเคो เคธंเคคुเคฒिเคค เคเคฐเคจे เคฎें เคฌเคนुเคค เคนी เคเคฎ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคฒเคेเคा, เคเคฐ เคธเคญी เคीเคต เคธुเค เคธे เคฐเคน เคชाเคฏेंเคे।
เค เคฐे เคญाเค, เคชुเคจ: เคเคจ्เคฎ เคฒेเคเคฐ เคเคฌ เคนเคฎ เคเคธ เคงเคฐเคคी เคชเคฐ เคซिเคฐ เคธे เคฒौเคेंเคे เคคो เคนเคฎें เคนเคฎाเคฐी เคเคคि เคเคตं เคชृเคฅ्เคตि เคฆोเคจों เคนी เคธुंเคฆเคฐ เคाเคนिเคฏे เคจा?
I would like to ask one more question.
ReplyDeleteWhat should be colour of puja cloths?
It is white only or we can wear of any colour?
This is an excellent article with essential to do guidance to all Jains and non-Jains as well. However, with the prevailing ritual practices, it is necessary to have this aspect clarified by leaders in Jainism, Specifically Jain Acharyas so that the matter may be accepted Jain Laypeople. Jai Jinendra!
ReplyDeleteVery Thoughtful
ReplyDeleteArticle was engaging, deep, thoughtful, awakening and well researched....takes us to the main idea of testing all our actions. keep bringing such articles for us....congratulations to all contributors from my side...well done people.
ReplyDeleteWhy do we use 3 Aung luchana to multi when u clean bhagvan? Why not 4 or 5 and only 3 ?
ReplyDelete